Liquefied natural gas and petroleum gases such as propane and butane are routinely transported by marine tankers on a large scale. However, in Europe there are few CO 2 pipelines today. CO 2 pipelines are not new: they extend over hundreds of kilometers worldwide. Pipelines routinely carry large volumes of natural gas, oil, condensate and water over distances of thousands of kilometers, both on land and in the sea.
In the context of long-distance movement of large quantities of CO 2, pipeline transport is part of current practice. There are four basic options for transporting CO 2: pipeline transport, waterborne transport, rail transport, and road transport. Transport is the stage of carbon capture, utilisation or storage that links CO 2 sources with production or storage sites. The latter family of novel technologies using CO 2 as a feedstock may contribute to the circular economy and the climate mitigation objectives.
using CO 2 as a feedstock and converting it into value-added products such as polymers, building materials, chemicals and synthetic fuels. using it as a working fluid or solvent such as for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), or. directly using CO 2 in soft drinks or greenhouses,. The utilisation of carbon dioxide in production processes refers to technologies and procedures, which use CO 2 as a feedstock rather than releasing it to the atmosphere, e.g. The captured CO 2 is then stored in compressed form and transported to the place of sequestration in tanks, pipelines or ships. This is not a new technology, as CO 2 is routinely separated and captured as a by-product from industrial processes. Carbon Capture and Storageīefore carbon dioxide gas can be stored, it must be captured and stripped of most associated substances. The captured carbon is then either stored underground or used for the production of synthetic materials (fuels, chemicals, building materials). Capturing carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere (DACCS) or from the combustion or fermentation of biogenic carbon (BECCS) has the potential to deliver negative emissions (carbon removals). The technological options envisaged in the 2050 long-term strategy and the ‘Sustainable Carbon Cycles’ Communication are the capture of carbon dioxide from the combustion of biomass or, as a last resort, fossil fuels, from industrial processes, and direct air capture. Furthermore, several organisations and institutions such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), International Energy Agency (IEA) and National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) argue that without carbon removals it is difficult to keep the temperature levels indicated in the Paris agreement ( explore the IPCC report ). The target of climate neutrality has been written into law by the European Climate Law ( Regulation (EU) 2021/1119), which requires that Union-wide greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and removals are balanced within the Union at the latest by 2050 and that the Union shall aim to achieve negative emissions thereafter. The Commission’s strategic long-term vision depends in part on CO 2 removal techniques based on CCS: either in combination with direct air capture (DACCS) or biomass (BECCS) to achieve climate neutrality. 
On 15 December 2021, the Commission has published the Communication ‘ Sustainable Carbon Cycles’, which sets the long-term objective to restore sustainable and climate-resilient carbon cycles. Furthermore, it can help removing carbon from the atmosphere through carbon removals such as bio-energy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) and be a platform for low-carbon hydrogen production. Carbon capture, use and storage can provide a key contribution to tackling these sectors’ emissions. While CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion have been declining in Europe, industries like cement, iron and steel, aluminium, pulp and paper, and refineries have inherent CO 2 emissions resulting from energy-intensive industry processes.
0 kommentar(er)
